Retinal vein occlusions are small “strokes” in the retina caused by blockages in the veins draining the retinal circulation. There are two types: central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVO) depending on larger or smaller vessels in the retina. In many cases, the cause is from hardening of the arteries, which run adjacent to the veins and compress them akin to stepping on a garden hose. This blocks blood drainage from the retina and can cause ischemia (lack of blood flow) hemorrhages and fluid leakage (macular edema) in the retina which can be visually debilitating.
Patients may have risk factors including uncontrolled high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, or glaucoma. Some younger patients may have blood clotting disorders.
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) occurs when a vein responsible for carrying blood away from the retina becomes blocked.
This blockage can cause blood and fluid to leak into the retinal tissue, resulting in swelling, bleeding, and vision changes.
Retinal vein occlusion is an important cause of vision loss, particularly in older adults and individuals with certain vascular risk factors.
CRVO occurs when the main vein draining blood from the retina becomes blocked. It can affect a large portion of the retina and may cause significant vision changes.
BRVO occurs when a smaller branch of the retinal venous system becomes blocked. Vision changes depend on the location and extent of the affected area.
Treatment focuses on managing complications and protecting vision.
Anti-VEGF medications are commonly used to reduce macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion.
In selected cases, corticosteroid treatments may help manage retinal swelling.
Laser therapy may be recommended for certain complications, including abnormal blood vessel growth.
Ongoing monitoring is important because retinal vein occlusion can lead to additional complications over time.
